Bruce Hoffman defines terrorism as “the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change.” All terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of violence. Joint Special Operations Command 3 years 1 month ... Strategic Engagements at Joint Special Operations Command Capella University View profile View profile badges “There are many regulations on pandemic prevention and housing compounds always ask people to quarantine,” scoffed one person online. Most national security practitioners will tout that “war is a continuation of politics and policy by other means.”  However, for U.S. adversaries it is “politics is war by other means.”[5]. The Libyan Arab Armed Forces: A Hybrid Armed Actor? Getting a kinetic strike wrong is unrecoverable, particularly for those on the receiving end. During Trump’s first impeachment trial, the Kentucky Republican said he did not consider himself an impartial juror. Almost all are unknown to the general public: ARMADA SWEEP: A U.S. Navy electronic surveillance effort conducted from ships off the coast of East Africa, Armada Sweep supports the U.S. drone war in the region. SOF needs to employ its comparative advantages in support of the National Security and Defense Strategies. Buttigieg’s ascent shows millennial revolution spreading to U.S. [15] The Joint Special Operations Command is a sub-unified command of the U.S. Special Operations Command. They were provoked by the president and other powerful people. First, the U.S. absolutely must recognize that this form of “warfare” is dangerous and prone to miscalculation by any party involved. Parscale would then play through a reel of campaign ads, including many inspired by "young, pro-Trump fans who sent their ideas" to him, Axios continues. in Military Arts and Science from the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College and from the School of Advanced Military Studies, and an M.S. Caldwell's lawyer, Thomas Plofchan, wrote about his work history in a motion filed on Monday, which stated that because Caldwell has "been vetted and found numerous times as a person worthy of the trust and confidence of the United States government," he should be released from jail as he waits for his trial to start. For them the psychological or influence operations take precedence over the kinetic and influence may or may not be supported by kinetic operations. But his impeachment lawyer Bruce Castor did, several times.Britney Spears is reportedly working on her own documentary. JUKEBOX LOTUS: Operation Jukebox Lotus began as the crisis response to the September 2012 attack in Benghazi, Libya, that killed U.S. This was a compromise definition because at the time there was such controversy about the use of warfare within the interagency. There is no doubt that war with the revisionist powers is the most dangerous threat to the U.S. and may even be considered existential. It should not be forgotten that it was a diplomat who emphasized the requirement to conduct political warfare during the Cold War, George Kennan. [3] All these terms and many others apply across the spectrum of conflict to include Great Power Competition. Therefore, it is logical and justified to invest in the military capabilities to defeat these threats. Sources reportedly told Bloomberg that McConnell has not yet decided how he will vote, although he voted that the Senate hearing for the 45th president is unconstitutional on Tuesday. SOF focused on direct action and special reconnaissance in support of ground maneuver forces rather than the core competencies of unconventional warfare and foreign internal defense as well as information and influence activities and governance at the strategic level. Through the publicity generated by their violence, terrorists seek to obtain the leverage, influence and power they otherwise lack to effect political change on either a local or an international scale. Getting a message wrong may be embarrassing but the U.S. can recover from it. 1, October 1920, http://www.telstudies.org/writings/works/articles_essays/1920_evolution_of_a_revolt.shtml, [3] David Maxwell, “Threats and the Words We Use: A Thought Experiment,” War on the Rocks, November 8, 2013, https://warontherocks.com/2013/11/threats-and-the-words-we-use-a-thought-experiment/ See also David Maxwell, “Considerations for Organizing and Preparing for Security Force Assistance Operations,” Small Wars Journal, March 15, 2008, https://smallwarsjournal.com/index.php/jrnl/art/security-force-assistance-operations, [4] Hal Brands and Evan Braden Montgomery, “One War Is Not Enough: Strategy and Force Planning for Great Power Competition” The Texas National Security Review, Vol 3, Iss 2 Spring 2020, https://tnsr.org/2020/03/one-war-is-not-enough-strategy-and-force-planning-for-great-power-competition/, [5] Julian Reid, “Foucault on Clausewitz: Conceptualizing the Relationship Between War and Power,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. [16]   Another term for political violence is terrorism. JUNIPER SHIELD: The umbrella operation for the mission that resulted in the deadly ambush in Niger, Juniper Shield is the United States’ centerpiece counterterrorism effort in northwest Africa and covers 11 nations: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Tunisia. Army Gen. Raymond A. Thomas III passed command of U.S. Special Operations Command to Army Gen. Richard D. Clarke Jr. during a ceremony in Tampa, Florida., Nearly four years into their odyssey at sea, the five-member crew of oil tanker MT Iba is tantalisingly close to shore, yet still unable to set foot on dry land. [17]  Terrorism is not something separate to be treated outside of irregular warfare and unconventional warfare. [22]  This is why in the 2016 NDAA Congress included Section 1097 directing DOD to develop a strategy to counter unconventional warfare conducted by U.S. Yet it must also maintain the ability to compete with and counter the revisionist and rogue powers below the threshold of major combat where they prefer to operate. Special Operations Command, Central (SOCCENT) Special Operations Command Central (SOCCENT), headquartered at MacDill AFB, Florida, is a subordinate unified command of US Central Command (USCENTCOM). There is no doubt that war with the revisionist powers is the most dangerous threat to the U.S. and may even be considered existential. It is about seeking political change. [8]  They want to achieve influence and dominance, and accomplish their objectives below the threshold of conflict to prevent a kinetic response. Political warfare is not a SOF mission. This is all in the DNA of SOF. ", SOF is well suited to lead DOD's contribution to Political Warfare’s activities, because they are, Everything outlined in this paper already exists within the SOF community. The SEALs are just part of the U.S. military’s Joint Special Operations Command, known by the acronym JSOC, which has grown from a rarely used hostage rescue team into America’s secret army. Bases used: Obo, Central African Republic; Abeche, Chad; Dungu, Democratic Republic of Congo; Juba and Nzara, South Sudan; Entebbe, Uganda. Logan International Airport advised travelers to check with their airline on the status of their flight due to the wintery weather and to allow for extra time to get to and from the airport. "These tuk tuks have been parked for a year...you can see them all covered with dust," said garage owner Kraisak Kulkiatprasert, who now rents out fewer than 10 vehicles a day, despite having slashed rentals, versus more than 100 earlier. The joint definition of Unconventional Warfare is activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground, auxiliary or guerrilla force in a denied area. He added that U.S. troops have been killed or wounded in action in at least six of them: Kenya, Libya, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan and Tunisia. This can be supported by the one of the core special operations activities: the application of unconventional warfare. While the Defense Department has acknowledged the names, locations and purposes of some of these operations, others are far lower-profile. In considering the 21st Century security environment, national security and defense practitioners have to avoid the mistakes made in the post-Vietnam era and in the 1980’s when the special operations community tried to ensure SOF, and in particular Special Forces, relevance to the conventional force and major combat operations. First and foremost, SOF is designed to solve or assist in solving problems in the human domain which no other branch or service of the U.S. military can solve. However, a February 2018 Defense Department list of named operations suggests it had been resurrected. Trump would often "burst out laughing" at some of the wilder spots, but then conclude they were too "brutal" or "weren't worth the backlash" he'd get, the source told Axios. “If they are in such a hurry they should study how to let men give birth to children.”, The Senate voted 56 to 44 on Tuesday to hold a second impeachment trial for former President Donald Trump, rejecting his legal team's argument that it's unconstitutional for the Senate to try a former president impeached in his waning days in office. ), was persuaded to switch his vote on the constitutionality of the trial. Used extensively across Africa, 127e programs can be run either by Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), the secretive organization that controls the Navy’s SEAL Team 6, the Army’s Delta Force and other special mission units, or by “theater special operations forces.” Juniper Micron was ongoing as of October 2018, with plans for it to continue in the future. However, in the time since, many Republicans have distanced themselves from the former president following months of rhetoric from Trump that the 2020 presidential election was rigged. These areas are represented by civil affairs, psychological operations, and selected SOF from all the services which are optimized to conduct unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, and counterinsurgency. The 21, by Air University: Wright Flyer Paper No. Sometimes it is a targeting problem. As T.E. Such wars will be existential threats to the revisionist and rogue powers. The second is the comparative  advantage of SOF: governance, influence, and support to indigenous forces and populations. It is statecraft. 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Other data were likely withheld completely. It is meant to instill fear within, and thereby intimidate, a wider `target audience' that might include a rival ethnic or religious group, an entire country, a national government or political party, or public opinion in general. Stanley Allen McChrystal (born August 14, 1954) is a retired United States Army general best known for his Propaganda has many aspects and a hostile and coercive political purpose. Some say Foreign Service Officers do not like the use of war and warfare to characterize the national security environment. OBSIDIAN MOSAIC: A 127e counterterrorism effort focused on Mali. He called Trump a "former president," said he "was removed by the voters," and argued that Americans are "smart enough to pick a new administration if they don't like the old one, and they just did." Bolduc says he shut it down in 2016 because the Ethiopian government was uncomfortable about the force not falling under its command. Yet it must also maintain the ability to compete with and counter the revisionist and rogue powers below the threshold of major combat where they prefer to operate. Oaken Sonnet I was the difficult 2013 rescue of U.S. personnel from that country at the beginning of its civil war. Assuming U.S. adversaries seek to win without fighting (or with fighting that will be below the threshold of war) and achieve objectives through influence how should this be characterized? Lawrence said, “irregular warfare is far more intellectual than a bayonet charge.”[2]. OBSIDIAN NOMAD I and II: Two 127e counterterrorism programs in Niger: Obsidian Nomad I in Diffa and Obsidian Nomad II in Arlit. Senior commanders — Navy SEALs Adm. Eric Olson and Adm. William McRaven, then in charge, respectfully, of Special Operations Command and Joint Special Operations Command — … Yahoo News has put together a list of three dozen such operations across the continent. Trump still hasn't conceded his election loss. Colonel Maxwell served on the United Nations Command / Combined Forces Command / United States Forces Korea CJ3 staff where he was a planner for UNC/CFC OPLAN 5027-98 and co-author of the original ROK JCS – UNC/CFC CONPLAN 5029-99. In fact, "Trump initially pushed his impeachment lawyers to make the baseless case that the election was stolen," the Post reports, "an approach they ultimately rejected while still arguing that the First Amendment protects their client's right to share misinformation and false claims." The development of in-theater command and control mechanisms and training exercises like Red Flag 21-1 will enable future deployment of space assets. SOF needs to employ its comparative advantages in support of the National Security and Defense Strategies. It should not be forgotten that it was a diplomat who emphasized the requirement to conduct political warfare during the Cold War, George Kennan. Ten million births were registered in 2020, 15 per cent lower than the previous year, and hitting a new record low since the 1960s, when China was in the middle of a famine. The lawsuit, filed in state district court, also claims Chauvin received special treatment from a white lieutenant. This could result in major combat operations. Operations Command (USSOCOM) and your Special Operations Forces (SOF). It was ongoing as of February 2018, Bases used: Camp Lemonnier and Chebelley, Djibouti; Laikipia, Manda Bay and Wajir, Kenya; Baidoa, Baledogle, Bosasso, Galcayo, Kismayo and Mogadishu, Somalia, JUSTIFIED SEAMOUNT: Another counter-piracy effort in the waters off East Africa, Bases used: Chebelley, Djibouti; Laikipia, Mombasa and Wajir, Kenya; Victoria, Seychelles; Baidoa, Baledogle, Kismayo and Mogadishu, Somalia, KODIAK HUNTER: A 127e program in which U.S. special operators trained and equipped a Kenyan force to conduct counterterrorism missions in Somalia, Base used: Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti; Manda Bay, Kenya, MONGOOSE HUNTER: A 127e program in which U.S. special operations forces trained and equipped a Somali force for counterterrorism missions against al-Shabab, Base used: Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti; Baledogle, Somalia, NEW NORMAL: An Africa-wide crisis response capability established by the U.S. military after the 2012 attack on the U.S. Consulate in Benghazi, Libya, Bases used: Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti; Libreville, Gabon; Accra, Ghana; Dakar, Senegal; Entebbe, Uganda, NIMBLE SHIELD: A low-profile effort targeting Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa, Bases used: Douala, Garoua and Maroua, Cameroon; Bangui, Central African Republic; N’Djamena, Chad; Diffa, Dirkou, Madama and Niamey, Niger. Eight of the named activities, including Obsidian Nomad, are so-called 127e programs, named for the budgetary authority that allows U.S. special operations forces to use certain host-nation military units as surrogates in counterterrorism missions. Bruce Hoffman defines terrorism as “the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change.” All terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of violence. manipulation of information.” In addition, the Intelligence Community would continue to provide intelligence to support operations in situations short of armed conflict; however, this intelligence collection and analysis may become increasingly focused on understanding how civilian populations and partner forces may be influenced using nonlethal means. Castor declined to use "graphics or a video — tools his TV-obsessed client had hoped to deploy." Given the new security environment SOF must also focus on a new modern SOF trinity of irregular warfare (IW), unconventional warfare (UW) , and support to political warfare. Great Power Competition and Forms of Conflict in 21st Century, The focus on great power competition and conflict has been interpreted as justification to return to organizing, equipping, and training the U.S. military for major combat operations and theater level war against peer or near peer competitors. military forces supporting Operation Observant Compass transitioned to broader scope security and stability activities that continue the success of our African partners,” Pentagon spokesperson Cmdr. Just after the attack, U.S. Africa Command said U.S. troops were providing “advice and assistance” to local counterparts. The U.S. must maintain a force that is capable of fighting and winning high intensity conflict at the theater and global level. 3.3.6 Joint Training Coordination Program (JTCP): Provides funds for the Services and U.S. Special Operations Command to participate in the exercises of the other Services. On Jan. 19, Caldwell was arrested and charged with conspiracy. Following retirement, he served as the Associate Director of the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. Many of the core missions and historical capabilities of SOF are as relevant as ever. in National Security Studies from the National War College. Many Americans first became aware of U.S. military operations in Africa in October 2017, after the Islamic State ambushed American troops near Tongo Tongo, Niger, killing four U.S. soldiers and wounding two others. It is a national mission. More stories from theweek.com100-year-old accused Nazi camp guard charged with 3,518 counts of accessory to murderBritney Spears is reportedly working on her own documentaryTrump the phone guy is back. USSOCOM continues to field ready and capable SOF to the Geographic Combatant Commands to conduct globally integrated operations as an integral part of the Joint Force against state and non-state threats to America and its interests, and to advance U.S. policy objectives. First, there is no doubt of SOF relevance across the spectrum of conflict. Yes, it is a fight for legitimacy and a huge component of that fight is influence. The robbery suspect told the officer he had stopped taking medications for his mental disorder, An attorney for Thomas Caldwell, a Virginia resident accused of participating in the Jan. 6 Capitol riot, said on Monday that his client is a Navy veteran who has had a top-secret security clearance since 1979, worked as an FBI section chief from 2009 to 2010, and ran a consulting firm that did classified work for the U.S. government. The U.S. must maintain a force that is capable of fighting and winning high intensity conflict at the theater and global level. SOF provides support to political warfare. OCTAVE SOUNDSTAGE: A JSOC psychological operation focused on Somalia. She served for a while on Trump's legal team before he temporarily cut ties with her after a particularly off-the-rails press conference. In the past SOF would have been threatened by the Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFAB). Oaken Sonnet II took place in 2014 and Oaken Sonnet III in 2016. OBSIDIAN LOTUS: A 127e activity concentrated on Libya, in which U.S. commandos trained and equipped Libyan special operations forces battalions. Governance, influence, and support to indigenous forces and populations are the comparative advantage that provide the foundation for the trinity of irregular warfare, unconventional warfare, and support to political warfare. JUNCTION SERPENT: A surveillance effort in Libya that, as part of the 2016 campaign of airstrikes against Islamic State positions in the Libyan city of Sirte, gave Joint Special Operations Command specific authorities to coordinate assets in order to develop targeting information for the campaign. In another part of Bangkok, tour buses are parked in long lines, devoid of their tourist passengers. The U.S. must be able to strategically operate in this gray zone. It is a national mission. ... of joint command and control networks and information ... engagements within the Australian Defence Force Headquarters. The National Security and National Defense Strategies prioritize great power competition and conflict. More stories from theweek.com100-year-old accused Nazi camp guard charged with 3,518 counts of accessory to murderTrump still hasn't conceded his election loss. But "Ms. Powell had no reason to evade service as she looks forward to defending herself in court," he added. Bases used: Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Garoua and Maroua, Cameroon; Bangui, Central African Republic; Faya Largeau and N’Djamena, Chad; Bamako and Gao, Mali; Nema and Ouassa, Mauritania; Air Base 201 (Agadez), Arlit, Diffa, Dirkou, Madama and Niamey, Niger; Dakar, Senegal, JUPITER GARRET: A JSOC operation aimed at high-value targets in Somalia, Jupiter Garret first came to light in a 2012 Washington Post article. operations as the Commander Special Operations Task Group 632 while deployed on Operation OKRA from June to December 2019. “House prices [are] the best contraceptive pill,” one person posted online. Turns out a pandemic – and all its related restrictions and risks – in 2020 didn’t exactly turn up the heat in the bedroom, either. ODYSSEY RESOLVE: Another component of the 2016 special operations campaign of air strikes against the Islamic State in the Libyan city of Sirte, Operation Odyssey Resolve consists of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance flights. [12], What is irregular warfare? JUNCTION RAIN: A maritime security effort in the Gulf of Guinea involving African and U.S. Coast Guard boarding teams operating from U.S. Navy ships or those of African forces. OCTAVE STINGRAY: A JSOC psychological operation focused on Somalia, OCTAVE SUMMIT: A JSOC psychological operation focused on Somalia, ODYSSEY LIGHTNING: The campaign of special operations-directed airstrikes against Islamic State targets in Sirte, Libya, between August and December 2016, Base used: Naval Air Station, Sigonella, Italy. Those countries, according to Bolduc, are Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Somalia, South Sudan and Tunisia. The operation was in existence as of February 2018. 912, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf, http://www.telstudies.org/writings/works/articles_essays/1920_evolution_of_a_revolt.shtml, https://warontherocks.com/2013/11/threats-and-the-words-we-use-a-thought-experiment/, https://smallwarsjournal.com/index.php/jrnl/art/security-force-assistance-operations, https://tnsr.org/2020/03/one-war-is-not-enough-strategy-and-force-planning-for-great-power-competition/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40645064?seq=1, https://www.soc.mil/swcs/ProjectGray/Gray%20Zones%20-%20USSOCOM%20White%20Paper%209%20Sep%202015.pdf, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114320, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a299300.pdf, https://warontherocks.com/2017/02/replaced-security-force-assistance-brigades-vs-special-forces/, http://orchestratingpower.org/lib/LIC/PW/2015,03,10%20arsoc%20support%20to%20PW.pdf, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/d3000_07.pdf, https://www.congress.gov/115/plaws/publ91/PLAW-115publ91.pdf, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/dictionary.pdf?ver=2020-01-24-100230-123, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-114publ92/html/PLAW-114publ92.htm, https://www.aeinstein.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/FDTD.pdf, http://cup.columbia.edu/book/inside-terrorism/9780231174770, https://www.jhuapl.edu/Content/documents/ARIS_LittleGreenMen.pdf, https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/pushback-countering-the-iran-action-network, https://cryptome.org/2014/06/prc-three-wars.pdf, https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/03/29/a_revolution_against_north_koreas_guerrilla_dynasty_and_gulag_state_114294.html, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a233501.pdf, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE300/PE304/RAND_PE304.pdf, Violent Non-State Actors in the maritime Space: Implications for the Philippines, The Progress Not Made on Protecting Civilians. 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