85. Further development of smartphone apps for cephalometrics may assist specialty training and interprofessional communication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity and reliability of cephalometric measurements generated by two popular, free apps, CephNinja (version 1.0, Naveen Madan, Bothell, Wash) and OneCeph (version beta 1.1, NXS, Hyderabad, Telangana, India), compared with Viewbox (Viewbox 4, dHAL Software, Kifissia, Greece) as the reference standard. 0000003364 00000 n
The adoption of mobile technologies by health care professionals has been associated with several advantages, including improved practice productivity and clinical decision making, rapid access to information and multimedia resources, and more accurate patient documentation.4 There is emerging evidence supporting the efficacy of teledentistry, that is, the combination of telecommunications and dentistry in the exchange of clinical information and images between distant locations, in remote dental consultation and treatment planning.5 In addition, the use of technology-enhanced learning (TEL); ie, smartphones, computers, apps, learning management systems, and discussion boards is increasingly involved in education and training in health professions.6, Currently available orthodontic apps are targeted for either clinicians or patients and are intended to promote orthodontic news, meetings, products, diagnostics, and practice management or to serve as patient education materials, treatment simulators, progress trackers, and elastic wear reminders.7–9 Nevertheless, a systematic approach to evaluating the accuracy and evidence base of mobile apps is at this point lacking.9 Most of the relevant studies refer to established criteria for assessing health care information displayed on websites and not specifically for apps.10 Consequently, a decision to embed a health care app in everyday practice should be thoroughly explored.11. The limited battery life and memory space of mobile devices, computer viruses including spyware, data leakage,37 as well as lack of availability of apps on smartphones with different operating systems may further complicate the application of mobile apps in everyday practice. Convergent validity, a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. One is to correlate the scores between two assessment tools or tools’ sub-domains that are considered to measure the same construct. F^�䴁�@|
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6�4x�^6E{)/�I�����f��1ZC�u�^��^W��y��T���G�2��BaI���z&y�mj`�thy�}uzin�ogsqcmx�kr"�}��������_4�,h���5��S��B2�2�����,K�`NEbkBC^phc|��CP�����#��ژ����r)��uH�v�m��"'�}��;�o��I�U�J%�5��S��C��H]G���k,sN��Sa��u�?M������"��ۆR�9~Ʉ�[�]3yg��Z�����t���s�Q���ȧw1��[g��^��sun"Gx���`�Ͻ�C�|�qs�F�R�5�9 The Brief IPQ showed good test–retest reliability and concurrent validity with relevant measures. The correlation coefficient ranged from 0.39 to 0.84. Concurrent validity of OneCeph and CephNinja apps (ie, the degree to which an outcome measure measures the construct it purports to measure) was estimated by comparing the first session measurements of each app to the reference standard (ie, Viewbox) using repeated-measures analysis of variance. On the bottom part of the figure (Observation) w… Results: Factor analysis confirmed 3 dimensions of CIPN: sensory, motor, and autonomic. Are mobile apps a leaky tap in the enterprise? Learn to Conduct Divergent (Discriminant) Validity in SPSS With Data From Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (2014) Search form. In case of significant deviations from sphericity, a Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied. ). Concurrent validity was supported by associations between participation in life activities and severity of illness with statistically significant correlation and path coefficients. The ICC of the comparison between OneCeph and Viewbox ranged from .903 to .983 (Table 2). The concurrent validity of classifications is examined when you are interested in the extent to which classifications (master/non master) are correct. The ICC of the comparison of CephNinja to Viewbox ranged from .786 to .978 (Table 2). Future research should focus on assessing the performance of app versions installed on smartphones vs tablets. 0000008610 00000 n
To gain sufficient power for the data analysis we obtained sample of 13 children with DS with 0.05 alpha level and 80% power to detect minimum reliability coefficient of 0.75. Participant demographics between completers and noncompleters were evaluated using chi square or independent t tests. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. (A) Cephalometric landmarks and (B) Cephalometric measurements used in the study. While other authors included the most easily locatable points to further minimize errors,12 this study engaged variables from a widely used cephalometric analysis2 to resemble real-life practice and to test without distinctions the performance of the apps. Convergent validity for the LEAS-C as an objective assessment of emotion complexity in children was demonstrated by a significant association with an emotion comprehension task and two verbal tasks. Likewise, recently introduced apps (ie, software applications designed to run on smartphones and tablets),3 facilitate automatic calculation of cephalometric measurements following hand-operated landmark identification. Dataset. Concurrent validity was assessed through comparing the values with the gold standard isokinetic dynamometer in the same position. It typically is estimated by correlating scores on a new measure with scores from an accepted criterion measure. Earlier research on the validity of smartphone cephalometric analysis apps operating on tablets and smartphones compared with manual and computerized cephalometric analysis has yielded contradictory results.12–14 Given the exponential growth of apps and the current lack of a systematic approach to evaluate the validity and reliability of mobile apps,10 continuous monitoring of the measurement properties of apps is needed. Concurrent validity is assessed for the whole SLIQ instrument by comparing the overall score on the SLIQ with the score on the eight-question scale developed by Spencer et al. spss psychometrics validity. Plots of the measurements obtained with Viewbox (reference standard) against the difference of the measurements obtained with Viewbox and each app (ie, Viewbox-OneCeph and Viewbox-CephNinja). Means and SDs of Cephalometric Measurements Obtained With Viewbox and Apps at Both Sessions. The dataset is a subset of data derived from the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 2014: Dementia Teaching Dataset. Providing orthodontic expertise to general dental practitioners serving disadvantaged children via teleconferencing has been proven to be successful at improving the accurate diagnoses of malocclusions and appropriate referrals.30–32. The problem, however, with this type of . Concurrent validity of classifications . Convergent validity, along with discriminant validity, is a subtype of construct validity. You determine this by correlating your classifications (x) with classifications or scores from a criterion measure (y). To establish convergent validity, you need to show that measures that should be related are in reality related. The outcome measure, called a criterion, is the main variable of interest in the analysis. Sphericity was checked using Mauchly's test. xref
Concurrent validity refers to whether a test’s scores actually evaluate the test’s questions. Cephalometrics is an integral component of clinical orthodontics and orthognathic surgery aiming to evaluate dentofacial proportions, to clarify the anatomic basis for a malocclusion, and to analyze growth- and treatment-related changes.1 Manual cephalometric analysis has been largely replaced by semiautomatic computer-based software,2 which enables direct landmark identification on screen-displayed digital images. In this way, training in cephalometrics can take place away from traditional learning locations. The second link includes a video on how to test these two types of validity in SPSS. Both convergent and concurrent validity are ways of assessing construct validity by examining the strength of the relationship between the scores from two different measurement procedures. Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which the test scores correspond to already established or accepted performance, known as criterion. 0000000016 00000 n
For Viewbox, the lower border of the 95% CI of SN to GoGn was below .9. When interpreting the results for research purposes (comparing groups), the ICC should be at least .7, and for clinical practice, the ICC should at least be .9.21 Plots were constructed to analyze differences in measurements between the apps and the reference standard. Concurrent validity of OneCeph and CephNinja apps (ie, the degree to which an outcome measure measures the construct it purports to measure) was estimated by comparing the first session measurements of each app to the reference standard (ie, Viewbox) using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Sphericity was checked using Mauchly’s test. Testing for concurrent validity is likely to be simpler, more cost-effective, and less time intensive than predictive validity. Concurrent validity refers to the degree in which the scores on a measurement are related to other scores on other measurements that have already been established as valid. other measures of the same or similar constructs. The observed differences in ANB, SN to GoGn, U1 to NA (mm), and L1 to NB (mm) may reflect either the difficulty in locating the associated cephalometric points or technical discrepancies between the two apps. Smartphone cephalometric analysis apps perform satisfactorily in terms of validity and reliability. A concurrent validity study design was conducted in a Bachelor level nursing degree programme located in Italy. Pretreatment digital lateral cephalograms of 50 consecutive orthodontic patients attending a private practice (Dental Clinics Zwolle, Zwolle, the Netherlands) between August and October 2017 were retrospectively collected for the purposes of the study. Concurrent validity. There are two forms of criterion-related validity: predictive validity and concurrent validity. Two methods are often applied to test convergent validity. startxref
What does CONCURRENT VALIDITY mean? Inconsistencies in defining the landmarks N,24 Gn, Go, and lower incisor apex25–28 and the linear measurements U1 to NA and L1 to NB29 have been repeatedly reported for manual and computerized methods. Concurrent validity Concurrent validity between the CBM and the other balance and mobility tests was assessed using the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) since the results of the 8-level balance scale (p < .001), errors during 3MTW (p < .001), and gait speed test (p < .05) were not normally distributed according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Part 2: GDP perception of the referral system, Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification. Opener. Concurrent validity was; evaluated by computing the correlation between the WHODAS-2 score and injury severity scale. A correlation of r = .35 was found between the predicted VO2 max scores from the Beep Test and the VO2 max scores measured during the treadmill test. trailer
Dataset; Site; Advanced 7 of 230. Manuscript received Mar 31 2008, accepted for publication Aug 11 2008. doi:10.2223/JPED.1836 442 Strictly looking at the number of app measurements below the acceptable cutoffs for research and clinical practice, OneCeph might be considered a slightly more valid alternative to Viewbox than CephNinja. Concurrent validity focuses on the extent to which scores on a new measure are related to scores from a criterion measure administered at the same time, whereas predictive validity uses the scores from the new measure to predict performance on a criterion measure administered at a later time. SPSS Windows was used for all statistical analyses. The factor loadings of the 20 items on the 3 subscales ranged from. This dataset is designed for learning how to conduct convergent and divergent validity through Factor Analysis. However, a difference of less than two units of measurement (millimeters or degree) is deemed to be within clinically acceptable limits.22,23, Multidisciplinary consultation using smartphone cephalometric analysis apps may be beneficial in distant rural areas with a high need for orthodontic and orthognathic surgery care and rare or totally unavailable specialized oral health services. In response to the need for an efficient measure of desired role participation, this study establishes concurrent validity of the 10–15-minute Role Checklist Version 2 (RCV2: QP) with the 50 minute Occupational Circumstances Assessment And Rating Scale (OCAIRS) in measuring occupational participation in individuals recovering from surgery following liver transplantation. asked Jun 6 '13 at 9:26. kuwoli kuwoli. If both tests produce similar results, then the new test is said to have concurrent validity. NOTE: Convergent validity is not the same as concurrent validity, which we discuss in more detail in the article: Concurrent validity. To know the validity of a newly constructed test, it is correlated or compared with some available information. No selection criteria were applied in relation to patients' gender, age, and type of malocclusion. 0000001426 00000 n
The distribution of clinical malocclusion types was as follows: 12 Class I, 8 Class II division 1, 29 Class II division 2, and 1 Class III. For instance, Item 1 might be the statement “I feel good about myself” rated using a 1-to-5 Likert-type response format. Validity and reliability of the BOT2 have been examined in healthy children [9,14,15] but never in CP [16]. The test scores are truly useful if they can provide a basis for precise prediction of some criteria. Exploring outliers showed that they were not related to one specific cephalogram/patient. One is to correlate the scores between two assessment tools or tools’ sub-domains that are considered to measure the same construct. Convergent validity states that tests having the same or similar constructs should be highly correlated. Validity and reliability of the BOT2 have been examined in healthy children [9,14,15] but never in CP [16]. However, whilst concurrent validity compared a new measurement procedure with a well-established measurement procedure, both measurement procedures are new when testing for convergent validity. For OneCeph, ANB, SN to GoGn, U1 to NA, L1 to NB, and L1 to NB (mm) presented with ICC and/or lower border of the 95% CI below the accepted cutoffs (Table 3). Although such a decision might be initially considered a limitation, it was actually an asset of the study design. Both convergent and concurrent validity are ways of assessing construct validity by examining the strength of the relationship between the scores from two different measurement procedures. In the case of multiple observers, interindividual differences in competence in using mobile apps as well as in cephalometric experience would have influenced the results. 925 0 obj <>
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Both can be determined using Pearson r. So, calculate Pearson r using SPSS. Convergent and discriminant validity are both considered subcategories or subtypes of construct validity. As the vast majority of smartphones are not equipped with a stylus, identification of landmarks was performed directly on the touchscreen by a finger to represent mainstream use. The criteria are measuring instruments that the test-makers previously evaluated. Evaluation of cephalometric measurements deriving from two apps installed on an iPad (ie, CephNinja and SmartCeph) compared with Pro Dolphin Imaging computer software showed statistically significant differences in 56.3–62.5% of the measurements.13 Other investigators who compared conventional manual cephalometric tracings with those acquired with CephNinja detected statistically significant differences in 9 of 13 variables.14 These authors, however, interpreted the results differently by either claiming arbitrarily clinical relevant differences13 or not.14 A third cephalometric study revealed high agreement for all measurements obtained with an iPad app (ie, SmileCeph), computer-aided software (ie, NemoCeph), and manual tracing.12 It must be emphasized that determining thresholds of clinical relevant differences for cephalometric measurements varies greatly in the literature and is mostly empirically based. %PDF-1.4
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This concurrent validity study comparing IRD measurements made with digital nylon calipers to those made with USI offers preliminary evidence to support the validity of using calipers in both males and females when measuring IRD above the umbilicus with the abdominal muscles both at rest and during contraction. Paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference between sessions when measuring U1 to NA with Viewbox and when measuring ANB, L1 to NB and the interincisal angle with CephNinja (Table 2). Materials and Methods BOT2-CF Two versions of the BOT were assessed: the BOT2-CF and the BOT2-SF. The first two authors contributed equally to this work. Bland-Altman plots were constructed to analyze differences in measurements between sessions for all three programs. Accordingly, the validity and reliability analysis with more active patients may be brought up again, especially for SEM and MDC values in order to obtain more detailed results. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; two-way mixed-effects model, single measures, absolute agreement) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Convergent validity, a parameter often used in sociology, psychology, and other behavioral sciences, refers to the degree to which two measures of constructs that theoretically should be related, are in fact related. Given the increasing exposure of young generations to technology and the widespread use of dentistry-related mobile apps by students, practitioners, and patients to obtain information, apps can supplement traditional teaching methods as part of the TEL approach. icon-arrow-top icon-arrow-top. Significance was set at <0.05 and at two tails.Results: The mean Cronbach alphas for … To further generalize the current findings, it would be useful to run studies on the feasibility of app-based cephalometric analysis, namely, the time required to complete cephalometric analysis using apps compared with computer-aided software. Pearson correlational analysis was used to establish concurrent validity. The overall mean age was 23.1±2.2 years, body mass index 23.6±2.13 kg/m2 and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index score was 3.9±6.4. Concurrent validity’s main use is to find tests that can substitute other … Data analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software. Pretreatment digital lateral cephalograms of 50 consecutive orthodontic patients (20 males, 30 females; mean age, 19.1 years; SD, 11.7) were traced twice using two apps (ie, CephNinja and OneCeph), with Viewbox used as the gold standard computer software program. 0000002166 00000 n
SPSS 17 was used for data analysis. We thus set out to assess concurrent validity and reliability of the BOT2 in CP children. Their responses were coded and analysed using SPSS version 16 by determing their Cronbach alphas for the internal consistency and Pearson correlation for the concurrent validity. All the domains of WHODAS-2 and injury severity scale have a positive correlation. Viewbox, a CE-certified computerized cephalometric analysis program broadly used in orthodontic research,16–19 was installed on a laptop (Microsoft Surface Laptop Core, i8, 8–256 GB, Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash) and served as the gold standard. Angle Orthod 1 November 2019; 89 (6): 889–896. 0000003818 00000 n
2 Recommendations. Concurrent validity is regarded as a fairly weak type of validity and is rarely accepted on its own. Concurrent Validity: Concurrent Validity correlating the test scores with another set of criterion scores. �1�T��++��# Reliability (ie, the degree to which the measurement is free from measurement error) was determined using paired t-test and the limits of agreement on measurements acquired by the three programs (session 1 vs session 2). Hypothetically, and regardless of the app design that allows image magnification and adjusting brightness/contrast, the larger viewing screen of tablets and the use of a stylus to digitize the landmarks may be more operator friendly compared with smartphones. The ICC values for intratool reliability ranged from .647–.993. Convergent validity is one of the topics related to construct validity (Gregory, 2007). 0000002192 00000 n
Cronbach alpha reliabilities range from 0.49 to 0.87, and concurrent validity as reported in per cent agreement ranging from 75 to 91 per cent (Squires et al., 1995). Sections. Assessing concurrent validity involves comparing a new test with an existing test (of the same nature) to see if they produce similar results. Test the Validity of Pearson Correlation Using SPSS http://spssforstatistics.com/test-the-validity-of-pearson-correlation-using-spss/ 0000002342 00000 n
Paired t-Test and ICC of Measurements Obtained With All Three Software During the First and Second Session. Results. A clinically relevant difference was claimed when the angles and distances measured by the apps differed by >2° or >2 mm, respectively.22,23. Plots did not reveal any pattern. Despite the plausible advantages of implementing smartphone cephalometric analysis apps in orthodontic/orthognathic practice and education, the current state of mobile health apps and, particularly, legislative and technical issues calls for attention. The important thing to recognize is that they work together – if you can demonstrate that you have evidence for both convergent and discriminant validity, then you’ve by definition demonstrated that you have evidence for construct validity. Subject: Concurrent validity and reliability of cephalometric analysis using smartphone apps and computer software, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). U1 to NA (mm) in OneCeph was significantly different compared with Viewbox (Table 2). Design Patterns and Pattern Languages, Accuracy of a smartphone-based orthodontic treatment-monitoring application: a pilot study, How to evaluate mobile health applications: a scoping review, Evaluating and selecting mobile health apps: strategies for healthcare providers and healthcare organizations, Reproducibility of measurements in tablet-assisted, PC-aided, and manual cephalometric analysis, Reliability assessment of orthodontic apps for cephalometrics, Manual tracing versus smartphone application (app) tracing: a comparative study, A smartphone app for cephalometric analysis, A comparison of the reproducibility of manual tracing and on-screen digitization for cephalometric profile variables, Extraction of maxillary first molars improves second and third molar inclinations in Class II Division 1 malocclusion, Maxillary sinus floor extension and posterior tooth inclination in adolescent patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treated with maxillary first molar extractions, Twin Block appliance with acrylic capping does not have a significant inhibitory effect on lower incisor proclination, The effects of differences in landmark identification on the cephalometric measurements in traditional versus digitized cephalometry, Comparison of landmark identification and linear and angular measurements in conventional and digital cephalometry, Variability of cephalometric landmarks used for face growth studies, Sources of error in measurements from cephalometric radiographs, Comparison of landmark identification in traditional versus computer-aided digital cephalometry, Comparison of conventional and digital radiographic methods and cephalometric analysis software: I. Hard tissue, Accuracy of digital and analogue cephalometric measurements assessed with the sandwich technique, Toygar Memikoglu TU. For CephNinja, none of the values were below .9. All tracings were repeated again in random order in a second session, 2 weeks after the first one. For both the validity study and the reliability study, the mean scores of the three repetitions were calculated and used for data analysis. �m Concurrent validity and predictive validity are two approaches of criterion validity. Test-retest reliability of the FTST and ST is excellent and concurrent validity is strong for older adults with unilateral primary THA. This sometimes encourages researchers to first test for the concurrent validity of a new measurement procedure, before later testing it for predictive validity … 0
The ICC values for intratool reliability ranged from .647 to .993 (Table 3). Opener. The ICCs and/or lower border of the 95% CI of U1 to NB (mm) and L1 to NA (mm) were below .7 and of ANB as well as SN to GoGn were below .9. We assess the concurrent validity of a measurement procedure when two different measurement procedures are carried out at the same time. In order to estimate this type of validity, test-makers administer the test and correlate it with the criteria. The Medical Ethics Review Committee of the University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, provided a waiver for the study (M18.225513) upon request. Two methods are often applied to test convergent validity. FRT was performed by using a measuring tape placed on the wall, parallel to … The percentage of patients for which a clinically relevant difference was found when compared with the reference values ranged from 2% for ANB in the case of OneCeph vs Viewbox and for SNB in the case of CephNinja vs Viewbox, to 56% and 54% for the interincisal angle for OneCeph and CephNinja, respectively (Table 2). Concurrent validity of classifications . <<9EB0CB721465C145BB60103441DD55EE>]>>
a Descriptive statistics were calculated for TAI and TAI-Q total, subscores, and item scores. In addition, the flexibility of the mobile platform enhances a more interactive and personalized education.33 In other words, residents and dental students can adjust learning to meet personals needs, revise when needed, deepen areas of special interest, and skip areas of prior knowledge. Conclusions. This type of validity is similar to predictive validity. %%EOF
Results. Plots did not reveal systematic bias in any of the measurements (Figure 2), except for U1 to NA (mm) and L1 to NB (mm). Concurrent validity is the degree to which results from a test agree with the results from . Statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (SPSS, Chicago, Ill). Regarding reliability testing, in contrast to OneCeph and Viewbox, no CephNinja value fell below the recommended cutoffs for reliability.21 Consequently, CephNinja seems to be the most reliable of all three tools, in clinical terms, for cephalometric analysis. Menu. 0000003588 00000 n
Concurrent validity refers to the extent to which the test scores correspond to already established or accepted performance, known as criterion. The data were analysed by using statistical package for social sciences, version-20 (SPSS ® 20.0 IBM ®). 0000003895 00000 n
The intermittent lines indicate the cutoff for clinically relevant differences, that is, >2° for angular and >2 mm for linear measurements. Seven angular and two linear measurements, originally derived from Steiner cephalometric analysis, were performed. Smartphone apps may have a great potential in supplementing traditional cephalometric analysis. To test for factor or internal validity of a questionnaire in SPSS use factor analysis (under data reduction menu). As the name suggests, concurrent validity relies upon tests that took place at the same time. Criterion validity describes how a test effectively estimates an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure(s). All radiographs were obtained using the same radiographic unit (Kodak 9000, Carestream Health Inc, Rochester, NY) according to a standardized protocol. Criterion validity describes how a test effectively estimates an examinee’s performance on some outcome measure(s). 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Landmark relocation landmarks were digitized ( Figure 1A ) the scores between two assessment tools or tools sub-domains... Years, body mass index 23.6±2.13 kg/m2 and Shoulder Pain and Disability index score was 3.9±6.4 overall, cephalometric. ( 4th edition ) by Gravetter and Forzano significantly differed from the Northern Ireland life and Times (! Known as criterion all tracings were repeated again in random order in a second Session, 2 weeks after first! Hour to prevent operator fatigue analytical assessment of the FTST and ST is excellent and concurrent validity relevant... A Discriminant analysis ( under data reduction menu ) is one of the BOT2 have examined! Apps a leaky tap in the analysis 2014 ) Search form need optimize. Name suggests, concurrent validity same time CephNinja measurements was below the recommended cutoff values of for! The degree to which the test of model fit concurrent validity spss Korean version of BOT2. 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Were the target sample test Product Moment Correlations using SPSS version 24.0 ( SPSS, Chicago, Ill.. Cephninja measurements was below the recommended cutoff values of ICCs for reliability IBM SPSS 23. The WHODAS-2 score and injury severity scale concurrent validity spss: the BOT2-CF and the BOT2-SF validity is the best alternative Viewbox... To.983 ( Table 2 ) CephNinja vs Viewbox and apps at both sessions was actually an asset of CephNinja... Anticipated, the ICC and 95 % CI of SN to GoGn and L1 NB!