Great earthquakes (those with M greater than 8.0) typically occur along the Pacific-North American plate boundary far south of the park. It began with thrusting on the previously unrecognized Susitna Glacier fault, continued with right-slip … underground fault. All the atmospheric parameters [CWV, SLHF, relative humidity (RH) and total ozone column (TOC)] show significant changes prior and after the Denali fault earthquake. Once a fault has been identified, the next step is to determine how it behaves. The Denali fault earthquake (Mw = 7.9) of November 3, 2002 was the largest strike–slip earthquake (Eberhart-Phillips et al., 2003) that occurred in North America in almost 150 years. Measurements Freymueller has made across the Alaska Range before the 2002 earthquake show movement across the Denali Fault of 6-8 millimeters per year (1/4 to 1/3 inch per year). Mitigating this damage is thus of paramount importance in reducing the overall risk posed by earthquakes. For example, the Tohoku, Japan, earthquake of 2011 occurred on a subduction zone fault and it was over magnitude 9, making it one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded. The 434 mile slip-strike fault gave off a 7.9 magnitude earthquake. of 1969 and the San Fernando earthquake of 1971, in 1972, Cluff and his team of earthquake geologists developed fault displacement design criteria for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Lasted 10 minutes (longest lasting earthquake in history) 229,866 dead, which includes 42,883 missing. The Denali Fault earthquake sequence resulted in about 340 km of surface rupture (Haeussler and others, 2004) (figs. AEIC has four seismic stations in Denali: (from west to east, see map) Castle Rocks (CAST), Kantishna Hills (KTH) on Wickersham Dome, Thoroughfare Mountain (TRF), and McKinley (MCK) near the park entrance. [2004] determined focal mechanisms for earthquakes before and after the Denali fault earthquake, then estimated The 1964 Good Friday Earthquake is an example. On November 3, 2002 a devastating earthquake rattled Alaska. 3 November 2002 Denali Fault earthquake, a large-magnitude (M=7.9) shallow strike-slip event, generated large-amplitude surface waves observable by GPS to a distance of thousands of kilometers [Larson et al, 2003]. One example of a major fault is the Denali fault, which cuts across the state in the Alaska Range (labelled on map on reverse). The southern edge of our state is an active tectonic plate boundary where the Pacific plate subducts (i.e., dives beneath) the North American plate along the great Alaska-Aleutian Megathrust. The earthquake began about 80 km (50 miles) east of the Denali Visitor Center, and ruptured eastward along the Denali Fault, and was followed by thousands of aftershocks. Earthquake forecasting and prediction is an active topic of geological research. November 2002, the powerful magnitude 7.9 Denali Fault earthquake struck south-central Alaska, rupturing the ground beneath the zigzagging Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline. Motion on the Denali Fault and nearby related fault structures is responsible for many of the large earthquakes in central Alaska, and for the high elevation (20,310 feet, 6190 meters) of Denali (previously known as Mt. It was the main fault along which the 2002 Denali earthquake occurred, which was measured as a magnitude of 7.9 M w. During the afternoon of November 3, 2002, the water in Seattle's Lake Union suddenly began sloshing hard enough to knock houseboats off their moorings. The earthquake caused an offset of nearly 6 meters (20 feet) where it crossed … Selected focal depths for the ... 2004) and so were modified for the effects of regolith response. The chances of experiencing shaking from an earthquake and/or having property damage is dependent on many different factors. Earthquake - Earthquake - Methods of reducing earthquake hazards: Considerable work has been done in seismology to explain the characteristics of the recorded ground motions in earthquakes. Geologist Wes Wallace of the University of Alaska s Geophysical Institute took this photo of the Denali Fault before the earthquake. In the months that followed, roughly 25,000 aftershocks were located on the Denali and Totshunda faults, revealing a surface rupture that was 325 km (200 miles) long. Remove maintenance message April 9 2004 Rev F Page 1 Oil and Water System Performance – Denali M 7.9 Earthquake of November 3, 2002 By John Eidinger1 and Mark Yashinsky2 1.0 Introduction The November 3, 2002, magnitude 7.9 Denali, Alaska earthquake struck through rural Alaska. Postseismic deformation results from different physical processes, including continued slip on the fault plane or its deeper extension and viscous flow in the Earth’s mantle. Although the fault there shifted about 14 feet, the pipeline did not break, averting a major economic and environmental disaster. The Nenana Mountain and Denali Fault earthquakes generated a vigorous aftershock sequence. During this reporting period, the NEHRP celebrated its 25th anniversary. Following the Denali Fault earthquake, adjacent fault segments have been stressed, increasing the likelihood of additional earthquakes on those segments. In phases, three models Although earthquakes cause death and destruction through such … Some of the achievements of the NEHRP over the last 25 years, such as the survival of the Trans-Alaska oil pipeline during the 2002 Denali earthquake, are based on earth science and earthquake engineering research. The largest surface offsets of 8.8 meters (29 feet) were observed farther to the east. Eastern Denali Fault surface trace map, eastern Alaska and Yukon, Canada. Fortunately, no one was seriously injured, due to the small population located The red line represents the fault, which runs east toward Mt. However, the duration of shaking associated with a magnitude 9.2 mega-thrust earthquake would be longer, and this is also factored into the seismic evaluations. Movement at shear zones have generated up to magnitude (M) 7.3 earthquakes. Even several years after the earthquake, average speeds remain several times higher than the pre-earthquake rates at many sites. Overall, motions were about 20 times faster over the first 1-2 years after the earthquake, compared to the pre-earthquake rates. [4] The Denali fault earthquake had 340 km of surface rupture and was the largest strike-slip earthquake in North Alaska not only experiences the most earthquakes in the United States, but also the strongest. The 7.9 Denali fault earthquake in 2002 revealed an unknown fault now named the Susitna Glacier fault. Automatic locations are available within five minutes on AEIC’s webpage. Edwards, M. Rahman, H. Ryu, ... the second was close to the community of Mundaring east of the Darling fault. But once in awhile, we experience larger earthquakes too; in 1868, Kaʻū experienced a quake estimated at M 7.9 that knocked down every wall and building in the district, and took the lives of 81 … Mitigating earthquake risk in Australia M.R. It illuminates earthquake mechanics and hazards of large strike-slip faults. The pipeline crosses the Denali fault some 90 miles south of Fairbanks. The destruction caused by an earthquake depends on the magnitude and … Continue reading "Mitigation of Earthquakes" These quakes are associated with the northern extension of the subduction edge of the Pacific plate and its dive beneath the North American crust. As the stress mounts along the Denali fault in the park, and as more time elapses without the stress release of a strong earthquake, the probability of a big earthquake in the park continues to rise. Complex, powerful motions of tectonic plates and crustal blocks generate earthquakes throughout Alaska, including many in and around Denali National Park and Preserve. A real earthquake on the Hayward Fault could occur at any time and with a different pattern of shaking. Note how the blue dots scattered at the top of the map track roughly northeast-trending parallel lines. The Denali Fault extends across the heart of the Alaska Range, passing just north of the town of Cantwell, through the Muldrow Glacier at the base of the north face of Denali, and continues to the west. The criteria consisted of location, type, and amount of fault displacement at the Denali and other fault crossings. Using the program FPFIT [Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985], Ratchkovski et al. Measuring the deformation of the earth related to this tectonic activity helps scientists understand the 2002 earthquake and the tectonic forces that caused it. However, the duration of shaking associated with a magnitude 9.2 mega-thrust earthquake would be longer, and this is also factored into the seismic evaluations. The 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake resulted in 340 km of ruptures along three separate faults, causing widespread liquefaction in the fluvial deposits of the alpine valleys of the Alaska Range and eastern lowlands of the Tanana River. The evaluation of the seismic risk is considered essential to define strategic urban and emergency planning management actions and should be based on the analysis of the buildings, the exposed population and their emergency interaction. Earthquake Risk in Alaska. The interaction of the Pacific and North American plates across southern Alaska creates a variety of sources for seismic activity. Denali fault earthquake to evaluate structural damage in that event. Alaska’s Denali Fault was on the move, jostling the state with a magnitude 7.9 earthquake. Largest aftershocks of the Nenana Mountain earthquake were the two magnitude 3.8 events. Called the Denali Fault earthquake, this shock was the strongest ever recorded in the interior of Alaska. We know a fault exists only if it has produced an earthquake or it has left a recognizable mark on the earth’s surface. However, full ANSS instrumentation on either end of the 2002 rupture is critical if this goal is to be achieved. The section of the Denali fault cutting across the park has not experienced a major earthquake within the last ~100 years. It is unknown whether some of this stress is being relieved by the cluster of frequent shallow earthquakes in the Kantishna area. BACKGROUNDER • ASSESSING AND MANAGING SEISMIC RISK. and minor earthquakes on the subduction zone in a cluster pattern. Although the biggest earthquakes occur where plates rub together, some faults only become apparent when an earthquake occurs. The major plates move relative to each other at rates that are typically a few centimeters per year, which is easily measured using GPS. One example of a major fault is the Denali fault, which cuts across the state in the Alaska Range (labelled on map on reverse). The November 2002 earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 and caused a surface rupture 325 km (~200 miles) long, mostly on the central Denali Fault (see red line on map below). Scientists use these data to study what drives the motion on the fault, and to make estimates of the long-term rate of motion of the Denali Fault through the park. All measurement sites, including those in the park, initially showed rapid horizontal motions, which have slowed down over time. The 2002 Denali EQ, the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline and EQ Hazard Mitigation On Nov 3, 2002 a large magnitude 7.9 earthquake happened along the Denali fault, about 160km south of Fairbanks/Alaska. At many of the sites inside the park, the motions after the 2002 earthquake are now slowing down to nearly the preearthquake rates. Understanding the risk and getting ready for a large earthquake on the Hayward Fault like the one depicted in this scenario can help other at-risk communities prepare for similar events that are possible in their area. The Denali Fault earthquake sequence began with the 23 October 2002 Mw6.7 Nenana Mountain foreshock, followed on 3 November 2002 by the Mw7.9 Denali Fault mainshock. Water in pools, ponds, and bayous as far away as Texas and Louisiana splashed for nearly half an hour. To understand the risk that different areas of the U.S. face for earthquake hazards, we need to know where faults are and how they behave. Real time ground motion data from ~400 seismic stations across the state are used to identify and characterize each earthquake in Alaska. The November 3, 2002 Denali fault earthquake, which is the largest inland event ever recorded in central Alaska, occurred along an arcuate segment of the right‐lateral strike‐slip Denali fault. Between these of the Denali fault earthquake, with clockwise rotation ranging from about 14 in the western part of the rupture to as much as 38 in the eastern part. Every event is briefly reviewed by the on-duty seismologist, and carefully relocated by an analyst. Geoscientists are able to identify particular areas of risk and, if there is sufficient information, to make probabilistic forecasts about the likelihood of earthquakes happening in a specified area over a specified period. Alaska has experienced four federally declared disasters from November 2002 to August 2003. In addition, CAST, KTH, and MCK are instrumented with accelerometers to measure ground acceleration. Hazard estimates have important implications for society, providing a basis for building codes, insurance rate structures, risk assessments, and public policies to mitigate earthquake risk. A network of 26 1-Hz GPS stations that observed sur-face wave displacements due to the Denali Fault event Hayes through the Alaska Range, and the ovals are the epicenters of two earthquakes, the magnitude 6.7 earthquake of Oct. 23, 2002, and the Denali Fault earthquake of Nov. 3, 2002. One of them was the Denali 7.9 earthquake, the largest earth- After large earthquakes, the pattern and rate of strain around the fault is often quite different immediately after the earthquake compared to the pre-earthquake time period. With more than 20,000 earthquakes reported annually, Alaska is by far the most seismically active state. Place an order for a custom essay, research paper on this or related subject. The M W (moment magnitude) 7.9 Denali fault earthquake on 3 November 2002 was associated with 340 kilometers of surface rupture and was the largest strike-slip earthquake in North America in almost 150 years. The Nenana Mountain and Denali Fault earthquakes generated a vigorous aftershock sequence. Following the Mw 7.9 earthquake on the Denali and Totschunda faults on 3 November 2002, we conducted a reconnaissance of the region to investigate geotechnical and surface rupture features of the event. Pacific Nankai h Metropolitan 3. Earthquake hazards Ground Rupture Alaskan pipe after the Denali quake ruptured through Ground rupture from the M8.1 2001 Tibet earthquake Earthquake hazards (cont.) Ongoing tectonic processes are constantly shifting and changing the land. 6, pp. This seismically active area in the heart of the park typically experiences a M 2 earthquake every few days. of the Denali fault earthquake, with clockwise rotation ranging from about 14 in the western part of the rupture to as much as 38 in the eastern part. This presents a rare opportunity to catch a major earthquake in the act. BACKGROUNDER • ASSESSING AND MANAGING SEISMIC RISK. Earthquakes shake the ground daily, but most are minor local events. Before allowing the installation of scientific equipment in a national park (via research permit), staff from the park conduct an impact study and provide a period for public comment. The focus of our investigation was to characterize the spatial extent and amplitude of ground failures and fault displacements, and assess damage to structures. Seismicity in interior Alaska north of the Denali fault is dominated by shallow events (see blue dots on map above). On October 23, people of Interior Alaska were awakened to strong shaking caused by a magnitude 6.7 earthquake. The typical example of this kind of earthquake was the Hyogoken Nambu Earthquake in 1995, the Niigataken Chuetsu Earthquake in 2004, and the Noto Hanto Earthquake in 2007. Abstract An earthquake can be described as natural phenomena that cause shaking or trembling of the earth’s surface. Shortly after midday on November 3, 2002, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Denali Fault in the rugged Alaska Range, about 90 miles south of Fairbanks. In 2002, the M 7.9 earthquake ruptured a portion of the Denali fault east of the park to produce a horizontal offset of up to 8.8 m (29 feet). For better understanding of all the possibilities of earthquake risk reduction, it is important to classify them in terms of the role that each one of them could play. earthquake, which would result in a maximum PGA of 0.17g at Pebble. These lines are shear zones where smaller crustal blocks are shifting between major faults. Combined with geological investigations of past earthquake ruptures on this section of the fault, these studies will allow a better assessment of the earthquake hazards posed by this significant fault. Analysts also scan waveforms to find earthquakes that were not detected by the automated system. Studies of the fault at various locations have yielded a wide range of slip rates, but the best estimates generally converge on a maximum rate of about 10 mm/yr. Effect of the Denali Fault Rupture on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline ; Response of the Above-Ground Trans-Alaska Pipeline to the Magnitude 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake ; Assessment of the Below-Ground Trans-Alaska Pipeline Following the Magnitude 7.9 Denali Fault Earthquake Such approach is urgently needed for complex scenarios, like the historical one, but still, in many cases around the world, historical centers scenarios are not properly investigated according this holistic risk analysis standpoint. The Denali Fault has a lower seismic risk, with a maximum The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the San Andreas Fault (1857, 1906), the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey (1939) and the Denali Fault in Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter. The National Hazard Maps use all available data to estimate the chances of shaking (of different strengths and The 2002 Denali Fault earthquake caused changes in the observed motions all across central Alaska. Many nations in the Indian Ocean were not aware of “tsunami” Absence of a Tsunami Early Warning Systems OCLC Number: 64385498: Notes: Title from Web page (viewed Feb. 24, 2006). This was never more evident than in the fall of 2002, when two large earthquakes occurred. Each of these seismic stations is instrumented with a broadband seismometer to detect ground motion, a data digitizer to record displacement, a radio to transmit the data, and solar panels to help power the equipment. Largest aftershocks of the Nenana Mountain earthquake were the two magnitude 3.8 events. Investigating the seismic response of regular and irregular urban structures can provide useful information for input to any preparedness plan. Major earthquakes (those with a magnitude range of 7.0-7.9) occur where a significant amount of stress has accumulated prior to being released—along a plate boundary or along major faults. The evaluation of the seismic risk is considered essential to define strategic urban and emergency planning management actions and should be based on the analysis of the buildings, the exposed population and their emergency interaction. A T eleseismic Study of the 2002 Denali Fault, Alaska, Earthquake and Implications for Rapid Strong-Motion Estimation Chen Ji,a) Don V .Helmber ger,a) and Da vid J.W ald, b) M.EERI Slip histories for the 2002 M7.9 Denali fault, Alaska, ear thquak e are de-rived rapidl y from global teleseismic w avefor m data. It was the largest inland earthquake to hit North America in the last 150 years. Larger earthquakes tend to shake longer and harder and therefore cause more damage to structures1. Large earthquakes like this one cause significant displacements of the surface far away from the fault. [2004] determined focal mechanisms for earthquakes before and after the Denali fault earthquake, then estimated Using the program FPFIT [Reasenberg and Oppenheimer, 1985], Ratchkovski et al. 19 Cascadia: Paradigm Shift (1984-87) 1976 1990 1996 PGA (%g) with 2% PE in 50 years practice into seismic risk reduction. In the Aleutian Islands, where the subduction angle is much steeper, the shallow-todeep earthquake pattern is more compact. About Cookies, including instructions on how to turn off cookies if you wish to do so. It can last for years to decades after a large earthquake, and its changes with time provide important information about the physical properties of the Earth. The AEIC located over 1,000 aftershocks of the M 6.7 event prior to the M 7.9 mainshock and over 35,000 aftershocks through the end of 2004. earthquake, which would result in a maximum PGA of 0.17g at Pebble. Dr. Jeff Freymueller of the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, has been measuring the motion and deformation of the Earth near the Denali Fault by repeating measurements of the position of a survey marker in the ground over a period of years. Earthquakes can cause impacts far from their source. View at: Google Scholar Deep earthquakes occur under the ground in the southern and eastern portions of the park (see red-orange and orange dots on the map above). This TCLEE Monograph presents 107 state-of-the-art papers on the effects of natural and technological hazards on lifelines. al., 1994]. Mitigation If the automatic location algorithms indicate a large earthquake, the seismologist on duty responds immediately (seismologists are on call 24/7) and issues an information release—in part to help emergency management personnel respond to significant events. 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